In Turkey, it is not “publish or perish” that scholars must fear. It is prison.
There was a time, not very long ago, that Turkey seemed on the edge of a new era of academic and intellectual freedom. New private universities created institutional support for more independent scholarship, while the Turkish government showed at least grudging willingness to allow debate of formerly “taboo subjects.” For example, in 2005, the ruling AK (Justice and Development Party) Party, after initial hesitation, publicly supported the first conference in Turkey that seriously examined the Armenian Genocide. It soon became apparent, however, that the AK Party’s vision of academic freedom has clear limits.
Asserting Control over the Universities
In some cases, basic science came under attack. In Turkey, as in the United States, there is a powerful creationist movement eager to debunk fundamental aspects of evolutionary science. Creationism has deep roots in Turkey and the ruling AK Party has quietly picked up the banner of anti-science. Slowly, over the past several years, major scholarly institutions have lost their independence and party hacks have replaced serious researchers.
In 2009, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, or TÜBİTAK, sacked the editor of its journal, Bilim ve Teknik, and removed an article commemorating the bicentenary of Darwin’s birth. Although the editor was reinstated after an international outcry, the chilling effect would remain as the government has asserted greater and greater control over scholarship. More recently, a government sponsored internet filter, kept children from accessing material on Darwinism. Only last month, the Financial Times reported that an AK-controlled municipality in Istanbul was distributing schoolbooks that managed to combine anti-Semitism and anti-Darwinism, describing “Charles Darwin as a Jew with a big nose who kept the company of monkeys.”
Attacks on Dissent
A more profound attack on scholars stems from the Turkish government’s increasing intolerance of dissent. In the massive wave of arrests that has darkened Turkey’s human rights record, scholars and students have been targeted. As a recent article in Nature notes “right-wingers, left-wingers and staunch secularists [are] all under attack.” The normal debates and activism that color any university campus can now land students and faculty in prison.
As the “Kurdish Opening” slammed shut in 2009, intellectuals who had voiced support for expressions of Kurdish identity suddenly became suspect. Many, including prominent intellectuals like Büşra Ersanlı and Ragip Zarakolu were put on trial as “terrorists.” In part because of pressure from Amnesty and other human rights organizations, Zarakolu and Ersanlı have been released pending trial, though they both face lengthy jail terms if found guilty.
Nonetheless, thousands are still awaiting trial or have already been imprisoned. While good numbers are hard to pin down, Turkish Justice Minister Sadullah Ergin is quoted as saying that nearly three thousand students are currently either in prison or in jail awaiting trial.
Many of the cases against students are particularly sloppy. Many, like the French exchange student, Sevil Sevimli, are charged not with violence, but rather with “affiliation with a terrorist group.” Others have been charged with “terrorist propaganda” for singing Kurdish songs and shouting slogans or even dancing. After an international outcry, Sevimli was released pending trial, but students like Ezgi Özgün can languish in pre-trial detention for many months without even knowing what they have been charged with. Trials based on secret testimony and shoddy evidence can result in long prison sentences. For example, Amnesty has highlighted the case of Cihan Kırmızıgül, an engineering student at Galatasaray University in Istanbul, who has been sentenced to prison on terror charges despite weak evidence and contradictory testimony. By many accounts, the chief evidence against him was that he was young, male, and wearing a keffiyeh, or traditional scarf, on the wrong day.
The massive and occasionally surreal Ergenekon and Sledgehammer trials, which allege broad conspiracies to overturn the elected government, have led to the breakdown of the military’s role in government and street battles between secularists and police on a national holiday. They have also led to the detention of many journalists and scholars whose relation to any potential conspiracy is hard to understand.
Scholarly organizations are taking note. For example, the case of Kemal Gürüz, in pre-trial detention since June despite his ill-health, has been profiled in Science and Nature. A number of international academic organizations, including The Committee of Concerned Scientists, Scholars at Risk and AAAS, have lobbied the Turkish government to release Gürüz and other Turkish academics caught up in the trials. In November, 2011, French academics founded a new organization, the International Working Group (known by its French acronym, GIT), which works to highlight the targeting of academics and the constraints on academic freedom in Turkey. Almost immediately, GIT branches opened in North America, Turkey, and a number of European countries.
Turkish officials claim that they are doing nothing more than “combatting terrorism.” But, Turkish officials have been dangerously expansive in their definition of “terror.” In a recent speech, Interior Minister, İdris Naim Şahin, suggested that “[writing] poems or short articles [which] demoralize the soldiers or police” are acts of terror and that terrorist cells can include “a university chair, an association, or a non-governmental organization.”
In Turkey, “guilt by association” can be taken literally and freedom of expression can be treated as a crime.
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This nearly made me cry.. What a change, a HUGE backward move from what we were trying to be: more 'western', more open and a 'developed' country rather than a 'developing' one. Shame on those who brought darkness over my country and more shame on those who voted for them, still support them and cannot see what is happening to their future.
I don't understand this turn. As you said, Turkey seemed to be leading to world forwards at one point. What happened?