Cameroon, May 2013: A young man who has been frequently beaten in his neighborhood and evicted from his home because of his sexual orientation and gender identity (Photo Credit: Amnesty International).
By Colby Goodman, Senior Research Associate at the Security Assistance Monitor and a member of Amnesty USA’s Military, Security and Police Working Group
Late last month, the Obama Administration took the unusual step of suspending U.S. security assistance to Uganda in connection with its new “Anti-Homosexuality Act,” raising the possibility of similar U.S. restrictions for other African states on the eve of the U.S.-Africa Summit.
According to a June 24th Amnesty International fact sheet, homosexuality is illegal in 38 African countries and punishable by death in four of these states (Mauritania, northern Nigeria, southern Somalia and Sudan).
The Obama Administration’s move in Uganda came after years of U.S. and international pressure on the Ugandan government to drop a new, draconian law further criminalizing homosexuality, which was ultimately adopted in February.
After the law was approved, President Obama declared he was “deeply disappointed” and suggested it “will be a step backward for all Ugandans.” Secretary of State John Kerry called it a “tragic day for Uganda” and concluded, “the only answer is repeal of the law.”
As Kampala continued to refuse to repeal the anti-LGBT law, the United States chose to end its $2.4 million support for Uganda’s community policing program and cancelled a military aviation exercise with Uganda, among other U.S. assistance projects.
In explaining the U.S. suspension, the administration expressed concern that Ugandan police could be involved in human rights violations in the name of implementing the anti-LGBT law. The White House also highlighted a related Ugandan police raid on a U.S.-funded public health program on April 3.
Similar to the Arms Trade Treaty adopted by U.N. member states last year, many governments and human rights groups oppose transfers of military, security or police training that can reasonably be believed to contribute to serious violations of international human rights standards or international humanitarian law.
Zambia riot police enter an impoverished Misisi compound during clashes near Lusaka 16 (Photo Credit: Mackson Wasamunu/AFP/Getty Images).
Across the African continent, security forces have increasingly arrested individuals for same-sex conduct with the enactment of laws and policies against the LGBT community.
In Cameroon, for instance, “there have been 51 documented arrests for same-sex conduct since 2005,” according to Amnesty. Once arrested, they “are often detained for up to 48 hours and forced to submit to anal examinations.” “In the last five years, there have been attempts to further criminalize homosexuality in Burundi, Liberia, Nigeria, and South Sudan.”
May and her partner in Nairobi, Kenya in April 2013 (Photo Credit: Pete Muller/Amnesty International).
Despite concern over the anti-LGBT law in Uganda, the United States has deployed CV-22 Ospreys and refueling aircraft to support the African Union Regional Task Force Counter-LRA Mission.
State Department Spokesperson Marie Harf stressed that countering the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), including taking its leader Joseph Kony “off the battlefield” is a “serious security priority” and is not necessarily mutually exclusive to protecting LGBT rights.
In the past few years, the Pentagon has provided significant assistance to Uganda to help address counter-terrorism operations in East Africa. Under one of the Defense Department’s counter-terrorism funds (Section 1206), the United States provided a total of $33 million to Uganda in 2011 to mostly counter al-Shabaab in Somalia and the LRA according to the Security Assistance Monitor’s database. In 2013, the Pentagon also gave a total of $18.7 million in Section 1206 funding to Uganda, including for tactical drone capabilities.
In some of the other African countries that have criminalized homosexuality, the United States also provides significant U.S. security assistance. While U.S. security assistance to Cameroon for this year is estimated at $1.5 million, U.S. security assistance to Burundi is estimated at $18.9 million. This year, the administration has also allocated $24.2 million for military and police aid to Liberia and $5.4 million for Nigeria.
Although the criteria for when the Obama Administration will suspend U.S. security assistance to countries with anti-gay laws and policies is slightly unclear, the White House’s move clearly indicates it will not tolerate human rights violations against LGBT individuals.
The move also puts other African security forces that continue to target LGBT individuals for serious human rights violations on alert that some of their U.S. security assistance could be negatively affected. As the U.S.-Africa Summit approaches, it will be interesting to see how both the administration and African states respond to this issue.
Africa still isn't ready for this
Like every profession, lawyers come with a particular set of generalizations and stereotypes (which includes character, attitude, demeanour, and manner of speaking). I was not born and bred immediately into the legal industry unlike most of my fellow coursemates (SPM, A-Levels, LLB), having graduated with a Diploma in Mass Communications, and working in an advertising agency for a year.